技術文件報導 - CHPSS社團法人中華製程安全學會

►技術文件報導

[前CSB主席J. Bresland 推動 psm經驗談]

[Occupational Safety and Health Standards 1910.119]

Bresland 以他的調查經驗認為存在三種類型的製程公司:

第一類公司不了解其操作的危害。它缺乏合適的製程安全程序，並因嚴重事故而遭受可怕的後果。

第二類公司確實了解危害和規定。有優秀的安全計畫和優質的人員，但仍然遇到事故，有些是輕微，有些是嚴重。這些火災和爆炸事件給公司管理階層帶來很多挫折和開銷！

第三類公司了解危害和規定。它有優秀的安全計畫和優質的人員，而且沒有任何嚴重的事件。

他同時認為製程安全成功的“十大”規則:

1.領導階層（總裁，主席，董事會成員，工廠經理，輪班主管）必須致力於處理安全事宜。

2.從公司找出最好的人員 (從高級管理人員到設施控制室的操作人員)。

3.您必須通過有效的機械完整性程序（現在更常稱為資產完整性）來確保設備的可靠性。

4.熱衷於關注細節。

5. 建立，並仔細追踪製程安全指標以監控您的運作。

6.從長遠看風險。

7.為可能發生事故，火災或爆炸造成傷害或廠外影響準備。

8.徹底調查所有事件。

9.不要輕易讓自滿於現狀。

10. 您必須在貴公司內部發展和培養強大的製程安全文化。

Purpose.目的 21

Application. 適用範圍 21
1. This section applies to the following: 本節適用於： 21
  1. A process which involves a chemical at or above the specified threshold quantities listed in Appendix A to this section; 涉及附錄A所列之化學物品(譯註指toxic and reactive)，而且達到或超過門檻量之製程。 21
  2. A process which involves a Category 1 flammable gas (as defined in 1910.1200(c)) or a flammable liquid with a flashpoint below 100 °F (37.8 °C) on site in one location, in a quantity of 10,000 pounds (4535.9 kg) or more except for: 凡在同一地點現場涉及1910.1200(c)規定之第一類易燃性氣體，或閃火點低於37.8°C之易燃性液體，其量達到或超過4536公斤之製程，但排除下列： 21
    1. Hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a fuel (e.g., propane used for comfort heating, gasoline for vehicle refueling), if such fuels are not a part of a process containing another highly hazardous chemical covered by this standard; 製程雖有碳氫化合物燃料，但只是做為工作場所燃料之用(如丙烷僅供作產生暖氣之用，汽油僅供作車輛燃料使用)，此外該製程也未涉及本標準所列之其他高危害化學物質。 21
    2. Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 100°F(37.8°C) stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred which are kept below their normal boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration. 雖屬閃火點低於37.8°C之易燃性液體，但不藉冷卻或冷凍之助，不論儲存於常壓槽或於傳輸過程，其溫度都低於其正常沸點者。 21
2. This section does not apply to: 本節排除： 21
  1. Retail facilities; 零售設施 22
  2. Oil or gas well drilling or servicing operations; or, 油氣之鑽井操作或維修作業 22
  3. Normally unoccupied remote facilities. 平時無人駐守之遠端設施 22
Definitions.名詞定義 22
Employee participation 勞工參與. 23
1. Employers shall develop a written plan of action regarding the implementation of the employee participation required by this paragraph. 雇主應針對本段所要求，制訂員工參與之書面行動計畫，俾據以施行 23
2. Employers shall consult with employees and their representatives on the conduct and development of process hazards analyses and on the development of the other elements of process safety management in this standard. 雇主制訂與執行製程危害分析或PSM的其他要素時，應諮詢勞工及勞工代表。 23
3. Employers shall provide to employees and their representatives access to process hazard analyses and to all other information required to be developed under this standard. 雇主應使勞工及勞工代表得參與製程危害分析並取得應本標準要求所需揭露的資訊。 24
Process safety information. 製程安全資訊 24
1. Information pertaining to the hazards of the highly hazardous chemicals in the process. This information shall consist of at least the following: 涉及高危害性化學物質之製程的相關資訊有： 24
  1. Toxicity information; 毒性資料 24
  2. Permissible exposure limits; 容許暴露之限值 24
  3. Physical data; 物理性質數據 24
  4. Reactivity data: 反應性數據 24
  5. Corrosivity data; 腐蝕性數據 24
  6. Thermal and chemical stability data; 熱穩定性與化學穩定性數據 24
  7. Hazardous effects of inadvertent mixing of different materials that could foreseeably occur. 異類物質不當混合時，可預見會造成之危害 25
2. Information pertaining to the technology of the process. 製程之技術資訊 25
  1. Information concerning the technology of the process shall include at least the following: 製程之技術資訊至少要有： 25
    1. A block flow diagram or simplified process flow diagram (see Appendix B to this section); 方塊流程圖BFD或簡化的方法流程圖PFD(參閱本節附件B) 25
    2. Process chemistry; 製程裡的化學反應 25
    3. Maximum intended inventory; 危害性化學物質之最大樍存量 25
    4. Safe upper and lower limits for such items as temperatures, pressures, flows or compositions; 溫度、壓力、流量、組成等各項目之安全上下限, 25
    5. An evaluation of the consequences of deviations, including those affecting the safety and health of employees. 評估上述各項若超限，對勞工的安全與健康有何影響 25
  2. Where the original technical information no longer exists, such information may be developed in conjunction with the process hazard analysis in sufficient detail to support the analysis. 若原始技術資料已不復存在，應將危害分析相關資料建立起來，其詳細程度應足供分析之用 25
3. Information pertaining to the equipment in the process. 製程設備之相關資料。 26
  1. Information pertaining to the equipment in the process shall include: 製程設備之相關資料應有： 26
    1. Materials of construction; 用於建造設備之材料 26
    2. Piping and instrument diagrams (P&ID's); 配管及儀器圖(P&ID) 26
    3. Electrical classification; 電氣區分 26
    4. Relief system design and design basis; 釋壓系統之設計與設計基準 26
    5. Ventilation system design; 通風系統設計 26
    6. Design codes and standards employed; 所根據之設計法規及標準 26
    7. Material and energy balances for processes built after May 26, 1992; 質量平衡與能量平衡表(May 26, 1992以後建造之製程), 26
    8. Safety systems (e.g. interlocks, detection or suppression systems). 安全系統，如連鎖、偵測或消防系統 26
  2. The employer shall document that equipment complies with recognized and generally accepted good engineering practices. 要有文件述明這些設備符合一般公認可接受之良好工程實務(RAGAGEP) 26
  3. For existing equipment designed and constructed in accordance with codes, standards, or practices that are no longer in general use, the employer shall determine and document that the equipment is designed, maintained, inspected, tested, and operating in a safe manner. 凡既有設備，若當初設計、建造所根據之法規、標準或實務業已過時，則雇主須有設計、維護、檢查、試驗、操作等方面的書面紀錄以確認這些設備都是安全的。 26
Process hazard analysis. 製程危害分析 27
1. The employer shall perform an initial process hazard analysis (hazard evaluation) on processes covered by this standard. The process hazard analysis shall be appropriate to the complexity of the process and shall identify, evaluate, and control the hazards involved in the process. Employers shall determine and document the priority order for conducting process hazard analyses based on a rationale which includes such considerations as extent of the process hazards, number of potentially affected employees, age of the process, and operating history of the process. The process hazard analysis shall be conducted as soon as possible, but not later than the following schedule: 雇主應對適用本標準的製程進行初次製程危害分析(或危害評估)，製程危害分析之執行要配合製程的複雜度，而且要識別，評量和控制該製程的危害。業主應考量製程危害的強度、可能受到影響之員工人數、製程的新舊等，來決定危害評估之優先順序。 27
  1. No less than 25 percent of the initial process hazards analyses shall be completed by May 26, 1994; 27
  2. No less than 50 percent of the initial process hazards analyses shall be completed by May 26, 1995; 27
  3. No less than 75 percent of the initial process hazards analyses shall be completed by May 26, 1996; 27
  4. All initial process hazards analyses shall be completed by May 26, 1997. 應於May 26, 1997前完成所有的初次PHA 27
  5. Process hazards analyses completed after May 26, 1987 which meet the requirements of this paragraph are acceptable as initial process hazards analyses. These process hazard analyses shall be updated and revalidated, based on their completion date, in accordance with paragraph (e)(6) of this standard. 凡於May 26, 1987之後完成的PHA，若符合本段之要求者，都可視為初次PHA。但須視其完成日期及本段(e)(6)之裩定進行更新及重評。 27
2. The employer shall use one or more of the following methodologies that are appropriate to determine and evaluate the hazards of the process being analyzed. 雇主應選用以下至少一種適用的方法進行製程危害分析 27
  1. What-If; 如果…結果 28
  2. Checklist; 檢核表 28
  3. What-If/Checklist; 如果…結果/檢核表 28
  4. Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP); 危害及可操作性分析。 28
  5. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA); 失誤模式及影響分析 28
  6. Fault Tree Analysis; or 故障樹分析 28
  7. An appropriate equivalent methodology. 具有同等功能之方法 28
3. The process hazard analysis shall address: 製程危害分析要論及： 28
  1. The hazards of the process; 製程的各種危害 28
  2. The identification of any previous incident which had a likely potential for catastrophic consequences in the workplace; 從過去的意外事件中，辨識出可能會演變成重大職災者 28
  3. Engineering and administrative controls applicable to the hazards and their interrelationships such as appropriate application of detection methodologies to provide early warning of releases. (Acceptable detection methods might include process monitoring and control instrumentation with alarms, and detection hardware such as hydrocarbon sensors.); 可用來控制危害之工程手段和管理手段，以及它們之間的關係，例如使用適當的偵測器可提供洩漏之早期警報。(具警報功能的製程監測系統與儀控系統，以及如碳氫化合物感知器等硬體設備都是可用的偵測方法。) 28
  4. Consequences of failure of engineering and administrative controls; 工程與管理控制手段失效的後果 29
  5. Facility siting; 設施之選址 29
  6. Human factors 人為因素; 29
  7. A qualitative evaluation of a range of the possible safety and health effects of failure of controls on employees in the workplace. 定性評估萬一控制失效時，對職場工作人員安全與健康可能造成的影響之範圍。 29
4. The process hazard analysis shall be performed by a team with expertise in engineering and process operations, and the team shall include at least one employee who has experience and knowledge specific to the process being evaluated. Also, one member of the team must be knowledgeable in the specific process hazard analysis methodology being used. PHA應由具工程及製程操作專業之小組為之，小組中至少有一名對受評製程有經驗及認識之員工，也需有一名熟習特定分析方法者。 29
5. The employer shall establish a system to promptly address the team's findings and recommendations; assure that the recommendations are resolved in a timely manner and that the resolution is documented; document what actions are to be taken; complete actions as soon as possible; develop a written schedule of when these actions are to be completed; communicate the actions to operating, maintenance and other employees whose work assignments are in the process and who may be affected by the recommendations or actions. 雇主須建立了一套能夠迅速處理該團隊的調查發現事項和提出的建議事項的制度，以確保即時將建議事項轉成書面行動方案、制定一份完成這些行動的書面時間表，並就行動方案內容與操作、維修和其他被派在本製程工作而且可能會受到建議或行動方案影響工的員工溝通。 29
6. At least every five (5) years after the completion of the initial process hazard analysis, the process hazard analysis shall be updated and revalidated by a team meeting the requirements in paragraph (e)(4) of this section, to assure that the process hazard analysis is consistent with the current process. 在完成第一次製程危害分析後，每隔五(5)年至少更新並重新確認一次，以確保製程危害分析與當前製程狀況一致，而團隊組成的條件同前。 29
7. Employers shall retain process hazards analyses and updates or revalidations for each process covered by this section, as well as the documented resolution of recommendations described in paragraph (e)(5) of this section for the life of the process. 所有的PHA更新、重新確認的記錄，以及針對建議事項所擬定的行動方案都需保留至製程生命週期結束。 30
Operating procedures. 標準作業程序 30
1. The employer shall develop and implement written operating procedures that provide clear instructions for safely conducting activities involved in each covered process consistent with the process safety information and shall address at least the following elements. 為使適用本法之製程之各項活動都能安全執行，業主應根據製程安全資訊製作書面程序，提供清楚的操作指引並施行之。需編製書面程序之要項至少有： 30
  1. Steps for each operating phase: 各種操作型態之步驟 30
    1. Initial startup; 初始開車 30
    2. Normal operations; 常規操作 30
    3. Temporary operations; 臨時性操作 30
    4. Emergency shutdown including the conditions under which emergency shutdown is required, and the assignment of shutdown responsibility to qualified operators to ensure that emergency shutdown is executed in a safe and timely manner. 緊急停車，其中要包括需要緊急停車的條件，以及將停車操作責任分配給合格的操作員，以確保能安全且及時地執行緊急停車作業。 30
    5. Emergency Operations; 緊急處理但不停車 30
    6. Normal shutdown; 正常停車 31
    7. Startup following a turnaround, or after an emergency shutdown. 大修或緊急停車後之重新開車 31
  2. Operating limits: 操作界限 31
    1. Consequences of deviation; and 偏離之後果 31
    2. Steps required to correct or avoid deviation. 偏離之預防與矯正步驟。 31
  3. Safety and health considerations: 安全與健康之考量 31
    1. Properties of, and hazards presented by, the chemicals used in the process; 製程所使用化學物質之性質與危害 31
    2. Precautions necessary to prevent exposure, including engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment; 預防暴露之措施，如：工程控制、管理控制、個人防護具等 31
    3. Control measures to be taken if physical contact or airborne exposure occurs; 一旦發生身體接觸或空氣中暴露時，所需採取之控制措施 31
    4. Quality control for raw materials and control of hazardous chemical inventory levels; and, 原物料之品質管制以及危害性化學物質存量管制 31
    5. Any special or unique hazards. 任何特殊或特有的危害 31
  4. Safety systems and their functions. 安全系統及其功能 31
2. Operating procedures shall be readily accessible to employees who work in or maintain a process. 操作、維護人員能立即取得必要之作業程序書 32
3. The operating procedures shall be reviewed as often as necessary to assure that they reflect current operating practice, including changes that result from changes in process chemicals, technology, and equipment, and changes to facilities. The employer shall certify annually that these operating procedures are current and accurate. 應視需要隨時檢討作業程序書，以確保其內容與現行之作業方式吻合，如有無配合製程化學物質、技術、設備或設施之變化而修改。業主每年應確認作業程序符合現時之方式而且內容正確。 32
4. The employer shall develop and implement safe work practices to provide for the control of hazards during operations such as lockout/tagout; confined space entry; opening process equipment or piping; and control over entrance into a facility by maintenance, contractor, laboratory, or other support personnel. These safe work practices shall apply to employees and contractor employees. 雇主應訂定安全工作準則，確實執行，以控制作業危害，例如：上鎖/掛牌、局限空間之進入、設備或管線之開放；維護人員、包商員工、化驗人員及其他支援性人員等進入製程設施之管制等。這些安全工作準則對於員工和承攬商員工應一體適用。 32
Training. 教育訓練 32
1. Initial training. 初訓 32
  1. Each employee presently involved in operating a process, and each employee before being involved in operating a newly assigned process, shall be trained in an overview of the process and in the operating proceduresas specified in paragraph (f) of this section. The training shall include emphasis on the specific safety and health hazards, emergency operations including shutdown, and safe work practices applicable to the employee's job tasks. 製程現有的操作人員,以及即將要被派到製程操作的人員，都接需要受過製程概述與(f)段所提到的各種操作程序的訓練。訓練內容應強調特定的安全和健康危害、緊急操作、緊急停車，以及適用於員工作業的安全工作守則。 32
  2. In lieu of initial training for those employees already involved in operating a process on May 26, 1992, an employer may certify in writing that the employee has the required knowledge, skills, and abilities to safely carry out the duties and responsibilities as specified in the operating procedures. 對於那些早已在製程操作但未受過訓練的員工，若雇主可以書面形式證明員工已具備所需的知識，技術和能力以安全達成SOP所規定的職責者，可不必辦理初訓。 32
2. Refresher training. Refresher training shall be provided at least every three years, and more often if necessary, to each employee involved in operating a process to assure that the employee understands and adheres to the current operating procedures of the process. The employer, in consultation with the employees involved in operating the process, shall determine the appropriate frequency of refresher training. 複訓：對於製程操作人員，每三年至少提供一次複訓，必要時可增加複訓頻率，以確認操作人員理解並遵守當前的操作程序。雇主應諮詢員工意見以決定其複訓頻率。 33
3. Training documentation. The employer shall ascertain that each employee involved in operating a process has received and understood the training required by this paragraph. The employer shall prepare a record which contains the identity of the employee, the date of training, and the means used to verify that the employee understood the training. 訓練紀錄雇主應確知每一製程操作員都已受過本節所要求的訓練而且了解訓練內容。雇主是應建立訓練紀錄，其內容包含受訓人員身分、受訓日期以及鑑別理解程度的方法。 33
Contractors. 承攬管理 33
1. Application. This paragraph applies to contractors performing maintenance or repair, turnaround, major renovation, or specialty work on or adjacent to a covered process. It does not apply to contractors providing incidental services which do not influence process safety, such as janitorial work, food and drink services, laundry, delivery or other supply services. 適用範圍本段適用於在或緊鄰適用本標準之製程進行維修、大修、重大汰舊換新或特殊作業的承攬商。不適用於提供不影響製程安全的雜項服務的承攬商，例如清潔工作，食品和飲料服務，洗衣，送貨或其他補給服務。 33
2. Employer responsibilities. 雇主責任 33
  1. The employer, when selecting a contractor, shall obtain and evaluate information regarding the contract employer's safety performance and programs. 雇主在選擇承攬商時，應評估承攬商的安全衛生管理績效和管理計畫。 33
  2. The employer shall inform contract employers of the known potential fire, explosion, or toxic release hazards related to the contractor's work and the process. 雇主應將承攬商工作方面以及製程方面已辨識出的危害，如火災、爆炸、毒性物質外洩等告知承攬商。 34
  3. The employer shall explain to contract employers the applicable provisions of the emergency action plan required by paragraph (n) of this section. 雇主應向承攬商解釋緊急應變相關規定 34
  4. The employer shall develop and implement safe work practices consistent with paragraph (f)(4) of this section, to control the entrance, presence and exit of contract employers and contract employees in covered process areas. 對於承攬覽商及其員工之進入製程區、在製程區內作業以及離開製程區等，雇主應制定並實施安全工作準則，以管制之。 34
  5. The employer shall periodically evaluate the performance of contract employers in fulfilling their obligations as specified in paragraph (h)(3) of this section. 本節(h)(3)段訂有承攬商責任，雇主應定期評估其履行的情形。 34
  6. The employer shall maintain a contract employee injury and illness log related to the contractor's work in process areas. 雇主應保存承攬商在承攬作業期間其員工之職業災害紀錄 34
3. Contract employer responsibilities. 承攬商的責任 34
  1. The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee is trained in the work practices necessary to safely perform his/her job. 承攬商應確認每一雇用勞工都已受過與其工作相關的作業訓練，足以安全執行工作 34
  2. The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee is instructed in the known potential fire, explosion, or toxic release hazards related to his/her job and the process, and the applicable provisions of the emergency action plan. 承攬商應將工作方面以及製程方面已辨識出的危害，如火災、爆炸、毒性等確實告知每一受雇勞工，並解釋緊急應變相關規定 34
  3. The contract employer shall document that each contract employee has received and understood the training required by this paragraph. The contract employer shall prepare a record which contains the identity of the contract employee, the date of training, and the means used to verify that the employee understood the training. 承攬商應記錄每個員工已經受過該受的訓練並理解其內容。承攬商應建立訓練紀錄，其內容包含受訓人員身分、受訓日期以及鑑別理解程度的方法。 35
  4. The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee follows the safety rules of the facility including the safe work practices required by paragraph (f)(4) of this section. 承攬商應確保其每位員工都遵守設施的安全準則，以及廠方要求的安全工作準則 35
  5. The contract employer shall advise the employer of any unique hazards presented by the contract employer's work, or of any hazards found by the contract employer's work. 承攬商要將呈現在其工作所的任何特殊危害，或其員工所發現的任何危害告知事業主。 35
Pre-startup safety review. 啟動前安全審查 35
1. The employer shall perform a pre-startup safety review for new facilities and for modified facilities when the modification is significant enough to require a change in the process safety information. 對於新設設施或變更程度大到需要修改製程安全資訊的設施，雇主應執行啟動前安全審查。 35
2. The pre-startup safety review shall confirm that prior to the introduction of highly hazardous chemicals to a process: 將高危害化學物質引入製程之前，應執行啟動前安全審查，以確認： 35
  1. Construction and equipment is in accordance with design specifications; 建造與設備均符合設計規範 35
  2. Safety, operating, maintenance, and emergency procedures are in place and are adequate; 安全、操作、維護、緊急應變等程序均完善具足。 35
  3. For new facilities, a process hazard analysis has been performed and recommendations have been resolved or implemented before startup; and modified facilities meet the requirements contained in management of change, paragraph (l). 全新設施已完成PHA，其建議改善事項也已於開俥前解決或執行；修改的設施則滿足MOC的要求。 35
  4. Training of each employee involved in operating a process has been completed. 已完成製程操作相關人員之訓練 36
Mechanical integrity. 機械完整性 36
1. Application. Paragraphs (j)(2) through (j)(6) of this section apply to the following process equipment: 適用範圍：本節(j)(2)至(j)(6)段適用於以下製程設備： 36
  1. Pressure vessels and storage tanks; 壓力容器和儲槽 36
  2. Piping systems (including piping components such as valves); 配管系統(包括閥門等配件) 36
  3. Relief and vent systems and devices; 釋壓和排放系統和裝置 36
  4. Emergency shutdown systems; 緊急停車系統 36
  5. Controls (including monitoring devices and sensors, alarms, and interlocks) and, 控制系統(包括監測設備和感知器、報警和連鎖） 36
  6. Pumps. 泵浦 36
2. Written procedures. The employer shall establish and implement written procedures to maintain the on-going integrity of process equipment. 編寫程序書，並施行之，使製程設備之完整性得以持續保持 36
3. Training for process maintenance activities. The employer shall train each employee involved in maintaining the on-going integrity of process equipment in an overview of that process and its hazards and in the procedures applicable to the employee's job tasks to assure that the employee can perform the job tasks in a safe manner. 製程維修作業訓練雇主應對製程設備的維修之人員施以訓練以確保員工能夠安全地執行其任務；訓練內容應有製程及其危害概述、適用於該員工的維修作業程序。 36
4. Inspection and testing. 檢查及測試 37
  1. Inspections and tests shall be performed on process equipment. 對製程設備須實施檢查及測試。 37
  2. Inspection and testing procedures shall follow recognized and generally accepted good engineering practices. 檢查和測試程序須採用普遍接受之良好工程實務(RAGAGEP) 37
  3. The frequency of inspections and tests of process equipment shall be consistent with applicable manufacturers' recommendations and good engineering practices, and more frequently if determined to be necessary by prior operating experience. 根據製造商的建議以及良好的工程實務訂定製程設備之檢查與測試頻率，若根據先前的經驗認為需要時，可增加檢測頻率。 37
  4. The employer shall document each inspection and test that has been performed on process equipment. The documentation shall identify the date of the inspection or test, the name of the person who performed the inspection or test, the serial number or other identifier識別符號of the equipment on which the inspection or test was performed, a description of the inspection or test performed, and the results of the inspection or test. 雇主應對製程設備進行的每項檢查和測試留下書面記錄，書面紀錄內容至少載明檢測日期、執行檢測者之姓名、受檢測製程設備之編(或序)號或其他識別符號、檢測方式之說明以及檢測結果。 37
5. Equipment deficiencies. The employer shall correct deficiencies in equipment that are outside acceptable limits (defined by the process safety information in paragraph (d) of this section) before further use or in a safe and timely manner when necessary means are taken to assure safe operation. 設備缺失若根據製程安全資訊，設備的缺失已經超出可接受的範圍，必須採取措施才能確保操作安全時，則應矯正後繼續使用，或以及時安全的方式矯正之。 37
6. Quality assurance. 品質確保 38
  1. In the construction of new plants and equipment, the employer shall assure that equipment as it is fabricated is suitable for the process application for which they will be used. 建造新廠或新設備：在設備預製階段，雇主就要確保這些設備適用於其製程。 38
  2. Appropriate checks and inspections shall be performed to assure that equipment is installed properly and consistent with design specifications and the manufacturer's instructions. 應執行適當的核對與檢查，以確保設備依照製造商的指引安裝正確，而且符合設計規範。 38
  3. The employer shall assure that maintenance materials, spare parts and equipment are suitable for the process application for which they will be used. 雇主應確保維修用料、備件與設備都適用於其製程。 38
Hot work permit. 動火許可 38
1. The employer shall issue a hot work permit for hot work operations conducted on or near a covered process. 凡在適用本標準之製程或其鄰近區域之動火作業，都須由雇主簽發動火工作許可證。 38
2. The permit shall document that the fire prevention and protection requirements in 29 CFR 1910.252(a) have been implemented prior to beginning the hot work operations; it shall indicate the date(s) authorized for hot work; and identify the object on which hot work is to be performed. The permit shall be kept on file until completion of the hot work operations. 許可證中要載明「火災預防和保護措施均已執行完成，方可開始進行動火作業」，也要註明動火作業之核准日期以及動火作業的對象。許可證須保存至動火作業完成。 38
Management of change. 變更管理 38
1. The employer shall establish and implement written procedures to manage changes (except for "replacements in kind") to process chemicals, technology, equipment, and procedures; and, changes to facilities that affect a covered process. 雇主須針對製程在化學物質、技術、設備、操作程序等方面之變更(不含同型替代)以及影響製程的設施之變更，建立作業程序書，據以管理這些變更。 38
2. The procedures shall assure that the following considerations are addressed prior to any change: 變更管理的程序要確保下列事項都處理好才會進行變更： 39
  1. The technical basis for the proposed change; 變更事項之技術基準 39
  2. Impact of change on safety and health; 變更事項對安全衛生之影響 39
  3. Modifications to operating procedures; 操作程序之修改 39
  4. Necessary time period for the change; and, 執行變更事項所需之時間 39
  5. Authorization requirements for the proposed change. 核定變更事項所要求之條件 39
3. Employees involved in operating a process and maintenance and contract employees whose job tasks will be affected by a change in the process shall be informed of, and trained in, the change prior to start-up of the process or affected part of the process. 製程或受變更影響的部分在開車之前，應將變更事項告知製程操作人員、維修人員以及工作會受到變更事項影響之承攬商勞工，並施以訓練。 39
4. If a change covered by this paragraph results in a change in the process safety information required by paragraph (d) of this section, such information shall be updated accordingly. 若變更導致製程安全資訊之改變，則需要更新這些資訊。 39
5. If a change covered by this paragraph results in a change in the operating procedures or practices required by paragraph (f) of this section, such procedures or practices shall be updated accordingly. 若變更導致操作程序或作業方式改變，則那些操作程序或作業方式需要跟著更新。 39
Incident investigation. 意外調查 40
1. The employer shall investigate each incident which resulted in, or could reasonably have resulted in a catastrophic release of highly hazardous chemical in the workplace. 雇主應調查每一已經造成或可能造成高危害化學物質洩漏而導致災害之意外事件 40
2. An incident investigation shall be initiated as promptly as possible, but not later than 48 hours following the incident. 意外事件之調查應盡快於事件發生後48小時內發起。 40
3. An incident investigation team shall be established and consist of at least one person knowledgeable in the process involved, including a contract employee if the incident involved work of the contractor, and other persons with appropriate knowledge and experience to thoroughly investigate and analyze the incident. 應成立意外事件調查小組，徹底調查和分析意外事件，小組中至少有一位成員熟知發生事故之製程，若該事件涉及承攬作業者，則應包括一位承攬人勞工，也應有其他具備適當之知識及經驗之成員 40
4. A report shall be prepared at the conclusion of the investigation which includes at a minimum: 調查完成後，應撰寫調查報告，報告中至少包括： 40
  1. Date of incident; 意外事件發生日期; 40
  2. Date investigation began; 開始調查日期 40
  3. A description of the incident; 意外事件發生經過描述 40
  4. The factors that contributed to the incident; and, 促成意外事件發生之原因 40
  5. Any recommendations resulting from the investigation. 改善建議 40
5. The employer shall establish a system to promptly address and resolve the incident report findings and recommendations. Resolutions and corrective actions shall be documented. 針對意外事件調查報告的發現事項與建議事項，雇主應建立了一個迅速應對之制度。應對方案及矯正措施應有文件記錄 41
6. The report shall be reviewed with all affected personnel whose job tasks are relevant to the incident findings including contract employees where applicable. 應使與事故發生相關作業人員(包含承攬人勞工在內)參與意外事件調查報告之檢討 41
7. Incident investigation reports shall be retained for five years. 意外事件調查報告應至少保留五年 41
Emergency planning and response.緊急應變 41
Compliance Audits. 符合性稽核 41
1. Employers shall certify that they have evaluated compliance with the provisions of this section at least every three years to verify that the procedures and practices developed under the standard are adequate and are being followed. 雇主應證明他們每三年至少一次評估符合本標準的狀況，以驗證根據本標準制定的作業程序與作業實務是適當的而且被遵守。 41
2. The compliance audit shall be conducted by at least one person knowledgeable in the process. 應至少有一名熟悉稽核程序的人員執行符合性稽核 41
3. A report of the findings of the audit shall be developed. 應撰寫稽核報告以記錄稽核發現事項。 41
4. The employer shall promptly determine and document an appropriate response to each of the findings of the compliance audit, and document that deficiencies have been corrected. 針對符合性稽核的發現事項，雇主應立即以書面提出適當的應對措施，對於已矯正完成之諸缺失，也應于紀錄。 42
5. Employers shall retain the two (2) most recent compliance audit reports. 雇主應至少保留最近的兩份符合性稽核報告。 42
Trade secrets. 商業機密 42
1. Employers shall make all information necessary to comply with the section available to those persons responsible for compiling the process safety information (required by paragraph (d) of this section), those assisting in the development of the process hazard analysis (required by paragraph (e) of this section), those responsible for developing the operating procedures (required by paragraph (f) of this section), and those involved in incident investigations (required by paragraph (m) of this section), emergency planning and response (paragraph (n) of this section) and compliance audits (paragraph (o) of this section) without regard to possible trade secret status of such information. 雇主應使下列人員能取得所需資訊：蒐集PSI者、協助制訂PHA者、制訂操作程序者、調查意外事件、制訂緊急應變計畫者與符合性稽核人員，不論此類資訊是否涉及商業機密。 42
2. Nothing in this paragraph shall preclude阻止the employer from requiring the persons to whom the information is made available under paragraph (p)(1) of this section to enter into confidentiality agreements not to disclose the information as set forth in 29 CFR 1910.1200. 雇主得要求依前(p)(1)段取得資訊之勞工簽保密協議書。 42
3. Subject to the rules and procedures set forth in 29 CFR 1910.1200(i)(1) through 1910.1200(i)(12), employees and their designated representatives shall have access to trade secret information contained within the process hazard analysis and other documents required to be developed by this standard. 勞工及勞工代表依據29 CFR 1910.1200(i)(1) through 1910.1200(i)(12),所列舉的規定與程序，可取得為了要制訂PHA及制訂本標準要求的文件所需的商業機密， 42

Purpose.目的

This section contains requirements for preventing or minimizing the consequences of catastrophic releases of toxic, reactive, flammable, or explosive chemicals. These releases may result in toxic, fire or explosion hazards.

本節所列諸項要求，是為(1).避免因具毒性、高反應性、易燃易爆性等之化學物質之洩漏造成災難，或(2).將洩漏所造成的後果降至最低。此等洩漏具毒性、火災、爆炸等危害。

1910.119(a)

Application. 適用範圍

1910.119(a)(1)

1. This section applies to the following:
  本節適用於：

1910.119(a)(1)(i)

1. 1. A process which involves a chemical at or above the specified threshold quantities listed in Appendix A to this section;
    涉及附錄A所列之化學物品(譯註指toxic and reactive)，而且達到或超過門檻量之製程。

1910.119(a)(1)(ii)

1. 1. A process which involves a Category 1 flammable gas (as defined in 1910.1200(c)) or a flammable liquid with a flashpoint below 100 °F (37.8 °C) on site in one location, in a quantity of 10,000 pounds (4535.9 kg) or more except for:
    凡在同一地點現場涉及1910.1200(c)規定之第一類易燃性氣體，或閃火點低於37.8°C之易燃性液體，其量達到或超過4536公斤之製程，但排除下列：

1910.119(a)(1)(ii)(A)

1. 1. 1. Hydrocarbon fuels used solely for workplace consumption as a fuel (e.g., propane used for comfort heating, gasoline for vehicle refueling), if such fuels are not a part of a process containing another highly hazardous chemical covered by this standard;
      製程雖有碳氫化合物燃料，但只是做為工作場所燃料之用(如丙烷僅供作產生暖氣之用，汽油僅供作車輛燃料使用)，此外該製程也未涉及本標準所列之其他高危害化學物質。

1910.119(a)(1)(ii)(B)

1. 1. 1. Flammable liquids with a flashpoint below 100°F(37.8°C) stored in atmospheric tanks or transferred which are kept below their normal boiling point without benefit of chilling or refrigeration.
      雖屬閃火點低於37.8°C之易燃性液體，但不藉冷卻或冷凍之助，不論儲存於常壓槽或於傳輸過程，其溫度都低於其正常沸點者。

1910.119(a)(2)

1. This section does not apply to:
  本節排除：

1910.119(a)(2)(i)

1. 1. Retail facilities;
    零售設施

1910.119(a)(2)(ii)

1. 1. Oil or gas well drilling or servicing operations; or,
    油氣之鑽井操作或維修作業

1910.119(a)(2)(iii)

1. 1. Normally unoccupied remote facilities.
    平時無人駐守之遠端設施

1910.119(b)

Definitions.名詞定義

Atmospheric tank means a storage tank which has been designed to operate at pressures from atmospheric through 0.5 p.s.i.g. (pounds per square inch gauge, 3.45 Kpa).
常壓儲槽指設計操作壓力為1大氣壓至0.5psig之儲槽

Boiling point means the boiling point of a liquid at a pressure of 14.7 pounds per square inch absolute (p.s.i.a.) (760 mm.Hg). For the purposes of this section, where an accurate boiling point is unavailable for the material in question, or for mixtures which do not have a constant boiling point, the 10 percent point of a distillation performed in accordance with the Standard Method of Test for Distillation of Petroleum Products, ASTM D-86-62, which is incorporated by reference as specified in Sec. 1910.6, may be used as the boiling point of the liquid.
沸點指壓力為14.7psia時，液體之沸點。無固定沸點之液體(如混合物)，則使用ASTM D-86-62之10%蒸餾溫度(參閱Sec. CFR1910.6)。

Catastrophic release means a major uncontrolled emission, fire, or explosion, involving one or more highly hazardous chemicals, that presents serious danger to employees in the workplace.
釀災性洩漏，災難性洩漏指涉及一種以上危害性化學物質之重大洩漏、火災、爆炸而嚴重危及於工作場所之勞工者。(譯註：可能受限於工作安全之概念，未及於對社區之影響，稍嫌狹隘)

Facility means the buildings, containers or equipment which contain a process.
設施指內含製程之建物、容器或設備。

Highly hazardous chemical means a substance possessing toxic, reactive, flammable, or explosive properties and specified by paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
高危害性化學物質本節(a)(1)所指具毒性、反應性、易燃性或易爆性之物質。

Hot work means work involving electric or gas welding, cutting, brazing, or similar flame or spark-producing operations.
動火作業指電銲、氣焊、切割、硬焊等涉及火焰或產生火花之作業。

Normally unoccupied remote facility means a facility which is operated, maintained or serviced by employees who visit the facility only periodically to check its operation and to perform necessary operating or maintenance tasks. No employees are permanently stationed at the facility. Facilities meeting this definition are not contiguous with, and must be geographically remote from all other buildings, processes or persons.
平時無人駐守之遠端設施指操作、維修、保養等勞工僅會定期訪視之設施，檢查其操作是否正常、從事必要的操作、維修工作，而不會長期駐守；而且該設施必須遠離其他建物、製程及人員，不得相鄰。

Process means any activity involving a highly hazardous chemical including any use, storage, manufacturing, handling, or the on-site movement of such chemicals, or combination of these activities. For purposes of this definition, any group of vessels which are interconnected and separate vessels which are located such that a highly hazardous chemical could be involved in a potential release shall be considered a single process.
程序或製造程序凡涉及危害性化學物質之使用、儲存、製造、處理或在區內搬移等活動或是前述活動的組合稱之。就本節之定義而論，一群相互連接的容器以及雖未與這些容器相連卻會受其危害性化學物質洩漏波及的容器，都劃歸為單一製程。

Replacement in kind means a replacement which satisfies the design specification.
同型替代凡滿足設計規範之替代屬之。

Trade secret means any confidential formula, pattern, process, device, information or compilation of information that is used in an employer's business, and that gives the employer an opportunity to obtain an advantage over competitors who do not know or use it. See Appendix E to § 1910.1200—Definition of a Trade Secret (which sets out the criteria to be used in evaluating trade secrets).
商業機密凡具機密性之配方、專利、製程、設備、資訊或彙整的資訊等，為業主所使用或使業主因而勝過不知或未應用此機密性資訊之競爭對手者屬之。參閱章節1910.1200之附件E-商業機密的定義(說明評估商業機密的標準)

1910.119(c)

Employee participation勞工參與.

1910.119(c)(1)

1. Employers shall develop a written plan of action regarding the implementation of the employee participation required by this paragraph.
  雇主應針對本段所要求，制訂員工參與之書面行動計畫，俾據以施行

1910.119(c)(2)

1. Employers shall consult with employees and their representatives on the conduct and development of process hazards analyses and on the development of the other elements of process safety management in this standard.
  雇主制訂與執行製程危害分析或PSM的其他要素時，應諮詢勞工及勞工代表。

1910.119(c)(3)

1. Employers shall provide to employees and their representatives access to process hazard analyses and to all other information required to be developed under this standard.
  雇主應使勞工及勞工代表得參與製程危害分析並取得應本標準要求所需揭露的資訊。

1910.119(d)

Process safety information. 製程安全資訊

In accordance with the schedule set forth in paragraph (e)(1) of this section, the employer shall complete a compilation of written process safety information before conducting any process hazard analysis required by the standard. The compilation of written process safety information is to enable the employer and the employees involved in operating the process to identify and understand the hazards posed by those processes involving highly hazardous chemicals. This process safety information shall include information pertaining to the hazards of the highly hazardous chemicals used or produced by the process, information pertaining to the technology of the process, and information pertaining to the equipment in the process.
業主應遵照本節(e)(1)段所列之時程，在進行應本標準所要求之製程危害分析之前，應先彙整製程安全書面資訊，其目的在使雇主及與製程操作相關之員工能辨識並了解其製程中之危害。

1910.119(d)(1)

1. Information pertaining to the hazards of the highly hazardous chemicals in the process. This information shall consist of at least the following:
  涉及高危害性化學物質之製程的相關資訊有：

1910.119(d)(1)(i)

1. 1. Toxicity information;
    毒性資料

1910.119(d)(1)(ii)

1. 1. Permissible exposure limits;
    容許暴露之限值

1910.119(d)(1)(iii)

1. 1. Physical data;
    物理性質數據

1910.119(d)(1)(iv)

1. 1. Reactivity data:
    反應性數據

1910.119(d)(1)(v)

1. 1. Corrosivity data;
    腐蝕性數據

1910.119(d)(1)(vi)

1. 1. Thermal and chemical stability data;
    熱穩定性與化學穩定性數據

1910.119(d)(1)(vii)

1. 1. Hazardous effects of inadvertent mixing of different materials that could foreseeably occur.
    異類物質不當混合時，可預見會造成之危害

Note: Safety data sheets meeting the requirements of 29 CFR 1910.1200(g) may be used to comply with this requirement to the extent they contain the information required by this subparagraph.
註：若安全資料表(SDS)已符合29 CFR 1910.1200(g)要求，則可視為已具有本節規定該有的資料

1910.119(d)(2)

1. Information pertaining to the technology of the process.
  製程之技術資訊

1910.119(d)(2)(i)

1. 1. Information concerning the technology of the process shall include at least the following:
    製程之技術資訊至少要有：

1910.119(d)(2)(i)(A)

1. 1. 1. A block flow diagram or simplified process flow diagram (see Appendix B to this section);
      方塊流程圖BFD或簡化的方法流程圖PFD(參閱本節附件B)

1910.119(d)(2)(i)(B)

1. 1. 1. Process chemistry;
      製程裡的化學反應

1910.119(d)(2)(i)(C)

1. 1. 1. Maximum intended inventory;
      危害性化學物質之最大樍存量

1910.119(d)(2)(i)(D)

1. 1. 1. Safe upper and lower limits for such items as temperatures, pressures, flows or compositions;
      溫度、壓力、流量、組成等各項目之安全上下限,

1910.119(d)(2)(i)(E)

1. 1. 1. An evaluation of the consequences of deviations, including those affecting the safety and health of employees.
      評估上述各項若超限，對勞工的安全與健康有何影響

1910.119(d)(2)(ii)

1. 1. Where the original technical information no longer exists, such information may be developed in conjunction with the process hazard analysis in sufficient detail to support the analysis.
    若原始技術資料已不復存在，應將危害分析相關資料建立起來，其詳細程度應足供分析之用

1910.119(d)(3)

1. Information pertaining to the equipment in the process.
  製程設備之相關資料。

1910.119(d)(3)(i)

1. 1. Information pertaining to the equipment in the process shall include:
    製程設備之相關資料應有：

1910.119(d)(3)(i)(A)

1. 1. 1. Materials of construction;
      用於建造設備之材料

1910.119(d)(3)(i)(B)

1. 1. 1. Piping and instrument diagrams (P&ID's);
      配管及儀器圖(P&ID)

1910.119(d)(3)(i)(C)

1. 1. 1. Electrical classification;
      電氣區分

1910.119(d)(3)(i)(D)

1. 1. 1. Relief system design and design basis;
      釋壓系統之設計與設計基準

1910.119(d)(3)(i)(E)

1. 1. 1. Ventilation system design;
      通風系統設計

1910.119(d)(3)(i)(F)

1. 1. 1. Design codes and standards employed;
      所根據之設計法規及標準

1910.119(d)(3)(i)(G)

1. 1. 1. Material and energy balances for processes built after May 26, 1992;
      質量平衡與能量平衡表(May 26, 1992以後建造之製程),

1910.119(d)(3)(i)(H)

1. 1. 1. Safety systems (e.g. interlocks, detection or suppression systems).
      安全系統，如連鎖、偵測或消防系統

1910.119(d)(3)(ii)

1. 1. The employer shall document that equipment complies with recognized and generally accepted good engineering practices.
    要有文件述明這些設備符合一般公認可接受之良好工程實務(RAGAGEP)

1910.119(d)(3)(iii)

1. 1. For existing equipment designed and constructed in accordance with codes, standards, or practices that are no longer in general use, the employer shall determine and document that the equipment is designed, maintained, inspected, tested, and operating in a safe manner.
    凡既有設備，若當初設計、建造所根據之法規、標準或實務業已過時，則雇主須有設計、維護、檢查、試驗、操作等方面的書面紀錄以確認這些設備都是安全的。

1910.119(e)

Process hazard analysis. 製程危害分析

1910.119(e)(1)

1. The employer shall perform an initial process hazard analysis (hazard evaluation) on processes covered by this standard. The process hazard analysis shall be appropriate to the complexity of the process and shall identify, evaluate, and control the hazards involved in the process. Employers shall determine and document the priority order for conducting process hazard analyses based on a rationale which includes such considerations as extent of the process hazards, number of potentially affected employees, age of the process, and operating history of the process. The process hazard analysis shall be conducted as soon as possible, but not later than the following schedule:
  雇主應對適用本標準的製程進行初次製程危害分析(或危害評估)，製程危害分析之執行要配合製程的複雜度，而且要識別，評量和控制該製程的危害。業主應考量製程危害的強度、可能受到影響之員工人數、製程的新舊等，來決定危害評估之優先順序。

1910.119(e)(1)(i)

1. 1. No less than 25 percent of the initial process hazards analyses shall be completed by May 26, 1994;

1910.119(e)(1)(ii)

1. 1. No less than 50 percent of the initial process hazards analyses shall be completed by May 26, 1995;

1910.119(e)(1)(iii)

1. 1. No less than 75 percent of the initial process hazards analyses shall be completed by May 26, 1996;

1910.119(e)(1)(iv)

1. 1. All initial process hazards analyses shall be completed by May 26, 1997.
    應於May 26, 1997前完成所有的初次PHA

1910.119(e)(1)(v)

1. 1. Process hazards analyses completed after May 26, 1987 which meet the requirements of this paragraph are acceptable as initial process hazards analyses. These process hazard analyses shall be updated and revalidated, based on their completion date, in accordance with paragraph (e)(6) of this standard.
    凡於May 26, 1987之後完成的PHA，若符合本段之要求者，都可視為初次PHA。但須視其完成日期及本段(e)(6)之裩定進行更新及重評。

1910.119(e)(2)

1. The employer shall use one or more of the following methodologies that are appropriate to determine and evaluate the hazards of the process being analyzed.
  雇主應選用以下至少一種適用的方法進行製程危害分析

1910.119(e)(2)(i)

1. 1. What-If;
    如果…結果

1910.119(e)(2)(ii)

1. 1. Checklist;
    檢核表

1910.119(e)(2)(iii)

1. 1. What-If/Checklist;
    如果…結果/檢核表

1910.119(e)(2)(iv)

1. 1. Hazard and Operability Study (HAZOP);
    危害及可操作性分析。

1910.119(e)(2)(v)

1. 1. Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA);
    失誤模式及影響分析

1910.119(e)(2)(vi)

1. 1. Fault Tree Analysis; or
    故障樹分析

1910.119(e)(2)(vii)

1. 1. An appropriate equivalent methodology.
    具有同等功能之方法

1910.119(e)(3)

1. The process hazard analysis shall address:
  製程危害分析要論及：

1910.119(e)(3)(i)

1. 1. The hazards of the process;
    製程的各種危害

1910.119(e)(3)(ii)

1. 1. The identification of any previous incident which had a likely potential for catastrophic consequences in the workplace;
    從過去的意外事件中，辨識出可能會演變成重大職災者

1910.119(e)(3)(iii)

1. 1. Engineering and administrative controls applicable to the hazards and their interrelationships such as appropriate application of detection methodologies to provide early warning of releases. (Acceptable detection methods might include process monitoring and control instrumentation with alarms, and detection hardware such as hydrocarbon sensors.);
    可用來控制危害之工程手段和管理手段，以及它們之間的關係，例如使用適當的偵測器可提供洩漏之早期警報。(具警報功能的製程監測系統與儀控系統，以及如碳氫化合物感知器等硬體設備都是可用的偵測方法。)

1910.119(e)(3)(iv)

1. 1. Consequences of failure of engineering and administrative controls;
    工程與管理控制手段失效的後果

1910.119(e)(3)(v)

1. 1. Facility siting;
    設施之選址

1910.119(e)(3)(vi)

1. 1. Human factors
    人為因素;

1910.119(e)(3)(vii)

1. 1. A qualitative evaluation of a range of the possible safety and health effects of failure of controls on employees in the workplace.
    定性評估萬一控制失效時，對職場工作人員安全與健康可能造成的影響之範圍。

1910.119(e)(4)

1. The process hazard analysis shall be performed by a team with expertise in engineering and process operations, and the team shall include at least one employee who has experience and knowledge specific to the process being evaluated. Also, one member of the team must be knowledgeable in the specific process hazard analysis methodology being used.
  PHA應由具工程及製程操作專業之小組為之，小組中至少有一名對受評製程有經驗及認識之員工，也需有一名熟習特定分析方法者。

1910.119(e)(5)

1. The employer shall establish a system to promptly address the team's findings and recommendations; assure that the recommendations are resolved in a timely manner and that the resolution is documented; document what actions are to be taken; complete actions as soon as possible; develop a written schedule of when these actions are to be completed; communicate the actions to operating, maintenance and other employees whose work assignments are in the process and who may be affected by the recommendations or actions.
  雇主須建立了一套能夠迅速處理該團隊的調查發現事項和提出的建議事項的制度，以確保即時將建議事項轉成書面行動方案、制定一份完成這些行動的書面時間表，並就行動方案內容與操作、維修和其他被派在本製程工作而且可能會受到建議或行動方案影響工的員工溝通。

1910.119(e)(6)

1. At least every five (5) years after the completion of the initial process hazard analysis, the process hazard analysis shall be updated and revalidated by a team meeting the requirements in paragraph (e)(4) of this section, to assure that the process hazard analysis is consistent with the current process.
  在完成第一次製程危害分析後，每隔五(5)年至少更新並重新確認一次，以確保製程危害分析與當前製程狀況一致，而團隊組成的條件同前。

1910.119(e)(7)

1. Employers shall retain process hazards analyses and updates or revalidations for each process covered by this section, as well as the documented resolution of recommendations described in paragraph (e)(5) of this section for the life of the process.
  所有的PHA更新、重新確認的記錄，以及針對建議事項所擬定的行動方案都需保留至製程生命週期結束。

1910.119(f)

Operating procedures. 標準作業程序

1910.119(f)(1)

1. The employer shall develop and implement written operating procedures that provide clear instructions for safely conducting activities involved in each covered process consistent with the process safety information and shall address at least the following elements.
  為使適用本法之製程之各項活動都能安全執行，業主應根據製程安全資訊製作書面程序，提供清楚的操作指引並施行之。需編製書面程序之要項至少有：

1910.119(f)(1)(i)

1. 1. Steps for each operating phase:
    各種操作型態之步驟

1910.119(f)(1)(i)(A)

1. 1. 1. Initial startup;
      初始開車

1910.119(f)(1)(i)(B)

1. 1. 1. Normal operations;
      常規操作

1910.119(f)(1)(i)(C)

1. 1. 1. Temporary operations;
      臨時性操作

1910.119(f)(1)(i)(D)

1. 1. 1. Emergency shutdown including the conditions under which emergency shutdown is required, and the assignment of shutdown responsibility to qualified operators to ensure that emergency shutdown is executed in a safe and timely manner.
      緊急停車，其中要包括需要緊急停車的條件，以及將停車操作責任分配給合格的操作員，以確保能安全且及時地執行緊急停車作業。

1910.119(f)(1)(i)(E)

1. 1. 1. Emergency Operations;
      緊急處理但不停車

1910.119(f)(1)(i)(F)

1. 1. 1. Normal shutdown;
      正常停車

1910.119(f)(1)(i)(G)

1. 1. 1. Startup following a turnaround, or after an emergency shutdown.
      大修或緊急停車後之重新開車

1910.119(f)(1)(ii)

1. 1. Operating limits:
    操作界限

1910.119(f)(1)(ii)(A)

1. 1. 1. Consequences of deviation; and
      偏離之後果

1910.119(f)(1)(ii)(B)

1. 1. 1. Steps required to correct or avoid deviation.
      偏離之預防與矯正步驟。

1910.119(f)(1)(iii)

1. 1. Safety and health considerations:
    安全與健康之考量

1910.119(f)(1)(iii)(A)

1. 1. 1. Properties of, and hazards presented by, the chemicals used in the process;
      製程所使用化學物質之性質與危害

1910.119(f)(1)(iii)(B)

1. 1. 1. Precautions necessary to prevent exposure, including engineering controls, administrative controls, and personal protective equipment;
      預防暴露之措施，如：工程控制、管理控制、個人防護具等

1910.119(f)(1)(iii)(C)

1. 1. 1. Control measures to be taken if physical contact or airborne exposure occurs;
      一旦發生身體接觸或空氣中暴露時，所需採取之控制措施

1910.119(f)(1)(iii)(D)

1. 1. 1. Quality control for raw materials and control of hazardous chemical inventory levels; and,
      原物料之品質管制以及危害性化學物質存量管制

1910.119(f)(1)(iii)(E)

1. 1. 1. Any special or unique hazards.
      任何特殊或特有的危害

1910.119(f)(1)(iv)

1. 1. Safety systems and their functions.
    安全系統及其功能

1910.119(f)(2)

1. Operating procedures shall be readily accessible to employees who work in or maintain a process.
  操作、維護人員能立即取得必要之作業程序書

1910.119(f)(3)

1. The operating procedures shall be reviewed as often as necessary to assure that they reflect current operating practice, including changes that result from changes in process chemicals, technology, and equipment, and changes to facilities. The employer shall certify annually that these operating procedures are current and accurate.
  應視需要隨時檢討作業程序書，以確保其內容與現行之作業方式吻合，如有無配合製程化學物質、技術、設備或設施之變化而修改。業主每年應確認作業程序符合現時之方式而且內容正確。

1910.119(f)(4)

1. The employer shall develop and implement safe work practices to provide for the control of hazards during operations such as lockout/tagout; confined space entry; opening process equipment or piping; and control over entrance into a facility by maintenance, contractor, laboratory, or other support personnel. These safe work practices shall apply to employees and contractor employees.
  雇主應訂定安全工作準則，確實執行，以控制作業危害，例如：上鎖/掛牌、局限空間之進入、設備或管線之開放；維護人員、包商員工、化驗人員及其他支援性人員等進入製程設施之管制等。這些安全工作準則對於員工和承攬商員工應一體適用。

1910.119(g)

Training. 教育訓練

1910.119(g)(1)

1. Initial training.
  初訓

1910.119(g)(1)(i)

1. 1. Each employee presently involved in operating a process, and each employee before being involved in operating a newly assigned process, shall be trained in an overview of the process and in the operating proceduresas specified in paragraph (f) of this section. The training shall include emphasis on the specific safety and health hazards, emergency operations including shutdown, and safe work practices applicable to the employee's job tasks.
    製程現有的操作人員,以及即將要被派到製程操作的人員，都接需要受過製程概述與(f)段所提到的各種操作程序的訓練。訓練內容應強調特定的安全和健康危害、緊急操作、緊急停車，以及適用於員工作業的安全工作守則。

1910.119(g)(1)(ii)

1. 1. In lieu of initial training for those employees already involved in operating a process on May 26, 1992, an employer may certify in writing that the employee has the required knowledge, skills, and abilities to safely carry out the duties and responsibilities as specified in the operating procedures.
    對於那些早已在製程操作但未受過訓練的員工，若雇主可以書面形式證明員工已具備所需的知識，技術和能力以安全達成SOP所規定的職責者，可不必辦理初訓。

1910.119(g)(2)

1. Refresher training. Refresher training shall be provided at least every three years, and more often if necessary, to each employee involved in operating a process to assure that the employee understands and adheres to the current operating procedures of the process. The employer, in consultation with the employees involved in operating the process, shall determine the appropriate frequency of refresher training.
  複訓：對於製程操作人員，每三年至少提供一次複訓，必要時可增加複訓頻率，以確認操作人員理解並遵守當前的操作程序。雇主應諮詢員工意見以決定其複訓頻率。

1910.119(g)(3)

1. Training documentation. The employer shall ascertain that each employee involved in operating a process has received and understood the training required by this paragraph. The employer shall prepare a record which contains the identity of the employee, the date of training, and the means used to verify that the employee understood the training.
  訓練紀錄雇主應確知每一製程操作員都已受過本節所要求的訓練而且了解訓練內容。雇主是應建立訓練紀錄，其內容包含受訓人員身分、受訓日期以及鑑別理解程度的方法。

1910.119(h)

Contractors. 承攬管理

1910.119(h)(1)

1. Application. This paragraph applies to contractors performing maintenance or repair, turnaround, major renovation, or specialty work on or adjacent to a covered process. It does not apply to contractors providing incidental services which do not influence process safety, such as janitorial work, food and drink services, laundry, delivery or other supply services.
  適用範圍本段適用於在或緊鄰適用本標準之製程進行維修、大修、重大汰舊換新或特殊作業的承攬商。不適用於提供不影響製程安全的雜項服務的承攬商，例如清潔工作，食品和飲料服務，洗衣，送貨或其他補給服務。

1910.119(h)(2)

1. Employer responsibilities.
  雇主責任

1910.119(h)(2)(i)

1. 1. The employer, when selecting a contractor, shall obtain and evaluate information regarding the contract employer's safety performance and programs.
    雇主在選擇承攬商時，應評估承攬商的安全衛生管理績效和管理計畫。

1910.119(h)(2)(ii)

1. 1. The employer shall inform contract employers of the known potential fire, explosion, or toxic release hazards related to the contractor's work and the process.
    雇主應將承攬商工作方面以及製程方面已辨識出的危害，如火災、爆炸、毒性物質外洩等告知承攬商。

1910.119(h)(2)(iii)

1. 1. The employer shall explain to contract employers the applicable provisions of the emergency action plan required by paragraph (n) of this section.
    雇主應向承攬商解釋緊急應變相關規定

1910.119(h)(2)(iv)

1. 1. The employer shall develop and implement safe work practices consistent with paragraph (f)(4) of this section, to control the entrance, presence and exit of contract employers and contract employees in covered process areas.
    對於承攬覽商及其員工之進入製程區、在製程區內作業以及離開製程區等，雇主應制定並實施安全工作準則，以管制之。

1910.119(h)(2)(v)

1. 1. The employer shall periodically evaluate the performance of contract employers in fulfilling their obligations as specified in paragraph (h)(3) of this section.
    本節(h)(3)段訂有承攬商責任，雇主應定期評估其履行的情形。

1910.119(h)(2)(vi)

1. 1. The employer shall maintain a contract employee injury and illness log related to the contractor's work in process areas.
    雇主應保存承攬商在承攬作業期間其員工之職業災害紀錄

1910.119(h)(3)

1. Contract employer responsibilities.
  承攬商的責任

1910.119(h)(3)(i)

1. 1. The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee is trained in the work practices necessary to safely perform his/her job.
    承攬商應確認每一雇用勞工都已受過與其工作相關的作業訓練，足以安全執行工作

1910.119(h)(3)(ii)

1. 1. The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee is instructed in the known potential fire, explosion, or toxic release hazards related to his/her job and the process, and the applicable provisions of the emergency action plan.
    承攬商應將工作方面以及製程方面已辨識出的危害，如火災、爆炸、毒性等確實告知每一受雇勞工，並解釋緊急應變相關規定

1910.119(h)(3)(iii)

1. 1. The contract employer shall document that each contract employee has received and understood the training required by this paragraph. The contract employer shall prepare a record which contains the identity of the contract employee, the date of training, and the means used to verify that the employee understood the training.
    承攬商應記錄每個員工已經受過該受的訓練並理解其內容。承攬商應建立訓練紀錄，其內容包含受訓人員身分、受訓日期以及鑑別理解程度的方法。

1910.119(h)(3)(iv)

1. 1. The contract employer shall assure that each contract employee follows the safety rules of the facility including the safe work practices required by paragraph (f)(4) of this section.
    承攬商應確保其每位員工都遵守設施的安全準則，以及廠方要求的安全工作準則

1910.119(h)(3)(v)

1. 1. The contract employer shall advise the employer of any unique hazards presented by the contract employer's work, or of any hazards found by the contract employer's work.
    承攬商要將呈現在其工作所的任何特殊危害，或其員工所發現的任何危害告知事業主。

1910.119(i)

Pre-startup safety review. 啟動前安全審查

1910.119(i)(1)

1. The employer shall perform a pre-startup safety review for new facilities and for modified facilities when the modification is significant enough to require a change in the process safety information.
  對於新設設施或變更程度大到需要修改製程安全資訊的設施，雇主應執行啟動前安全審查。

1910.119(i)(2)

1. The pre-startup safety review shall confirm that prior to the introduction of highly hazardous chemicals to a process:
  將高危害化學物質引入製程之前，應執行啟動前安全審查，以確認：

1910.119(i)(2)(i)

1. 1. Construction and equipment is in accordance with design specifications; 建造與設備均符合設計規範

1910.119(i)(2)(ii)

1. 1. Safety, operating, maintenance, and emergency procedures are in place and are adequate;
    安全、操作、維護、緊急應變等程序均完善具足。

1910.119(i)(2)(iii)

1. 1. For new facilities, a process hazard analysis has been performed and recommendations have been resolved or implemented before startup; and modified facilities meet the requirements contained in management of change, paragraph (l).
    全新設施已完成PHA，其建議改善事項也已於開俥前解決或執行；修改的設施則滿足MOC的要求。

1910.119(i)(2)(iv)

1. 1. Training of each employee involved in operating a process has been completed.
    已完成製程操作相關人員之訓練

1910.119(j)

Mechanical integrity. 機械完整性

1910.119(j)(1)

1. Application. Paragraphs (j)(2) through (j)(6) of this section apply to the following process equipment:
  適用範圍：本節(j)(2)至(j)(6)段適用於以下製程設備：

1910.119(j)(1)(i)

1. 1. Pressure vessels and storage tanks;
    壓力容器和儲槽

1910.119(j)(1)(ii)

1. 1. Piping systems (including piping components such as valves);
    配管系統(包括閥門等配件)

1910.119(j)(1)(iii)

1. 1. Relief and vent systems and devices;
    釋壓和排放系統和裝置

1910.119(j)(1)(iv)

1. 1. Emergency shutdown systems;
    緊急停車系統

1910.119(j)(1)(v)

1. 1. Controls (including monitoring devices and sensors, alarms, and interlocks) and,
    控制系統(包括監測設備和感知器、報警和連鎖）

1910.119(j)(1)(vi)

1. 1. Pumps.
    泵浦

1910.119(j)(2)

1. Written procedures.
  The employer shall establish and implement written procedures to maintain the on-going integrity of process equipment.
  編寫程序書，並施行之，使製程設備之完整性得以持續保持

1910.119(j)(3)

1. Training for process maintenance activities.
  The employer shall train each employee involved in maintaining the on-going integrity of process equipment in an overview of that process and its hazards and in the procedures applicable to the employee's job tasks to assure that the employee can perform the job tasks in a safe manner.
  製程維修作業訓練雇主應對製程設備的維修之人員施以訓練以確保員工能夠安全地執行其任務；訓練內容應有製程及其危害概述、適用於該員工的維修作業程序。

1910.119(j)(4)

1. Inspection and testing.
  檢查及測試

1910.119(j)(4)(i)

1. 1. Inspections and tests shall be performed on process equipment.
    對製程設備須實施檢查及測試。

1910.119(j)(4)(ii)

1. 1. Inspection and testing procedures shall follow recognized and generally accepted good engineering practices.
    檢查和測試程序須採用普遍接受之良好工程實務(RAGAGEP)

1910.119(j)(4)(iii)

1. 1. The frequency of inspections and tests of process equipment shall be consistent with applicable manufacturers' recommendations and good engineering practices, and more frequently if determined to be necessary by prior operating experience.
    根據製造商的建議以及良好的工程實務訂定製程設備之檢查與測試頻率，若根據先前的經驗認為需要時，可增加檢測頻率。

1910.119(j)(4)(iv)

1. 1. The employer shall document each inspection and test that has been performed on process equipment. The documentation shall identify the date of the inspection or test, the name of the person who performed the inspection or test, the serial number or other identifier識別符號of the equipment on which the inspection or test was performed, a description of the inspection or test performed, and the results of the inspection or test.
    雇主應對製程設備進行的每項檢查和測試留下書面記錄，書面紀錄內容至少載明檢測日期、執行檢測者之姓名、受檢測製程設備之編(或序)號或其他識別符號、檢測方式之說明以及檢測結果。

1910.119(j)(5)

1. Equipment deficiencies.
  The employer shall correct deficiencies in equipment that are outside acceptable limits (defined by the process safety information in paragraph (d) of this section) before further use or in a safe and timely manner when necessary means are taken to assure safe operation.
  設備缺失若根據製程安全資訊，設備的缺失已經超出可接受的範圍，必須採取措施才能確保操作安全時，則應矯正後繼續使用，或以及時安全的方式矯正之。

1910.119(j)(6)

1. Quality assurance.
  品質確保

1910.119(j)(6)(i)

1. 1. In the construction of new plants and equipment, the employer shall assure that equipment as it is fabricated is suitable for the process application for which they will be used.
    建造新廠或新設備：在設備預製階段，雇主就要確保這些設備適用於其製程。

1910.119(j)(6)(ii)

1. 1. Appropriate checks and inspections shall be performed to assure that equipment is installed properly and consistent with design specifications and the manufacturer's instructions.
    應執行適當的核對與檢查，以確保設備依照製造商的指引安裝正確，而且符合設計規範。

1910.119(j)(6)(iii)

1. 1. The employer shall assure that maintenance materials, spare parts and equipment are suitable for the process application for which they will be used.
    雇主應確保維修用料、備件與設備都適用於其製程。

1910.119(k)

Hot work permit. 動火許可

1910.119(k)(1)

1. The employer shall issue a hot work permit for hot work operations conducted on or near a covered process.
  凡在適用本標準之製程或其鄰近區域之動火作業，都須由雇主簽發動火工作許可證。

1910.119(k)(2)

1. The permit shall document that the fire prevention and protection requirements in 29 CFR 1910.252(a) have been implemented prior to beginning the hot work operations; it shall indicate the date(s) authorized for hot work; and identify the object on which hot work is to be performed. The permit shall be kept on file until completion of the hot work operations.
  許可證中要載明「火災預防和保護措施均已執行完成，方可開始進行動火作業」，也要註明動火作業之核准日期以及動火作業的對象。許可證須保存至動火作業完成。

1910.119(l)

Management of change. 變更管理

1910.119(l)(1)

1. The employer shall establish and implement written procedures to manage changes (except for "replacements in kind") to process chemicals, technology, equipment, and procedures; and, changes to facilities that affect a covered process.
  雇主須針對製程在化學物質、技術、設備、操作程序等方面之變更(不含同型替代)以及影響製程的設施之變更，建立作業程序書，據以管理這些變更。

1910.119(l)(2)

1. The procedures shall assure that the following considerations are addressed prior to any change:
  變更管理的程序要確保下列事項都處理好才會進行變更：

1910.119(l)(2)(i)

1. 1. The technical basis for the proposed change;
    變更事項之技術基準

1910.119(l)(2)(ii)

1. 1. Impact of change on safety and health;
    變更事項對安全衛生之影響

1910.119(l)(2)(iii)

1. 1. Modifications to operating procedures;
    操作程序之修改

1910.119(l)(2)(iv)

1. 1. Necessary time period for the change; and,
    執行變更事項所需之時間

1910.119(l)(2)(v)

1. 1. Authorization requirements for the proposed change.
    核定變更事項所要求之條件

1910.119(l)(3)

1. Employees involved in operating a process and maintenance and contract employees whose job tasks will be affected by a change in the process shall be informed of, and trained in, the change prior to start-up of the process or affected part of the process.
  製程或受變更影響的部分在開車之前，應將變更事項告知製程操作人員、維修人員以及工作會受到變更事項影響之承攬商勞工，並施以訓練。

1910.119(l)(4)

1. If a change covered by this paragraph results in a change in the process safety information required by paragraph (d) of this section, such information shall be updated accordingly.
  若變更導致製程安全資訊之改變，則需要更新這些資訊。

1910.119(l)(5)

1. If a change covered by this paragraph results in a change in the operating procedures or practices required by paragraph (f) of this section, such procedures or practices shall be updated accordingly.
  若變更導致操作程序或作業方式改變，則那些操作程序或作業方式需要跟著更新。

1910.119(m)

Incident investigation. 意外調查

1910.119(m)(1)

1. The employer shall investigate each incident which resulted in, or could reasonably have resulted in a catastrophic release of highly hazardous chemical in the workplace.
  雇主應調查每一已經造成或可能造成高危害化學物質洩漏而導致災害之意外事件

1910.119(m)(2)

1. An incident investigation shall be initiated as promptly as possible, but not later than 48 hours following the incident.
  意外事件之調查應盡快於事件發生後48小時內發起。

1910.119(m)(3)

1. An incident investigation team shall be established and consist of at least one person knowledgeable in the process involved, including a contract employee if the incident involved work of the contractor, and other persons with appropriate knowledge and experience to thoroughly investigate and analyze the incident.
  應成立意外事件調查小組，徹底調查和分析意外事件，小組中至少有一位成員熟知發生事故之製程，若該事件涉及承攬作業者，則應包括一位承攬人勞工，也應有其他具備適當之知識及經驗之成員

1910.119(m)(4)

1. A report shall be prepared at the conclusion of the investigation which includes at a minimum:
  調查完成後，應撰寫調查報告，報告中至少包括：

1910.119(m)(4)(i)

1. 1. Date of incident;
    意外事件發生日期;

1910.119(m)(4)(ii)

1. 1. Date investigation began;
    開始調查日期

1910.119(m)(4)(iii)

1. 1. A description of the incident;
    意外事件發生經過描述

1910.119(m)(4)(iv)

1. 1. The factors that contributed to the incident; and,
    促成意外事件發生之原因

1910.119(m)(4)(v)

1. 1. Any recommendations resulting from the investigation.
    改善建議

1910.119(m)(5)

1. The employer shall establish a system to promptly address and resolve the incident report findings and recommendations. Resolutions and corrective actions shall be documented.
  針對意外事件調查報告的發現事項與建議事項，雇主應建立了一個迅速應對之制度。應對方案及矯正措施應有文件記錄

1910.119(m)(6)

1. The report shall be reviewed with all affected personnel whose job tasks are relevant to the incident findings including contract employees where applicable.
  應使與事故發生相關作業人員(包含承攬人勞工在內)參與意外事件調查報告之檢討

1910.119(m)(7)

1. Incident investigation reports shall be retained for five years.
  意外事件調查報告應至少保留五年

1910.119(n)

Emergency planning and response.緊急應變

The employer shall establish and implement an emergency action plan for the entire plant in accordance with the provisions of 29 CFR 1910.38. In addition, the emergency action plan shall include procedures for handling small releases. Employers covered under this standard may also be subject to the hazardous waste and emergency response provisions contained in 29 CFR 1910.120 (a), (p) and (q).
雇主應為整個廠建立緊急應變計畫並執行之，此外緊急應變計畫應有小規模洩漏的處理程序。關於有害廢棄物及緊急應變，雇主亦受29 CFR 1910.120 (a), (p) and (q)等條款之約束。

1910.119(o)

Compliance Audits. 符合性稽核

1910.119(o)(1)

1. Employers shall certify that they have evaluated compliance with the provisions of this section at least every three years to verify that the procedures and practices developed under the standard are adequate and are being followed.
  雇主應證明他們每三年至少一次評估符合本標準的狀況，以驗證根據本標準制定的作業程序與作業實務是適當的而且被遵守。

1910.119(o)(2)

1. The compliance audit shall be conducted by at least one person knowledgeable in the process.
  應至少有一名熟悉稽核程序的人員執行符合性稽核

1910.119(o)(3)

1. A report of the findings of the audit shall be developed.
  應撰寫稽核報告以記錄稽核發現事項。

1910.119(o)(4)

1. The employer shall promptly determine and document an appropriate response to each of the findings of the compliance audit, and document that deficiencies have been corrected.
  針對符合性稽核的發現事項，雇主應立即以書面提出適當的應對措施，對於已矯正完成之諸缺失，也應于紀錄。

1910.119(o)(5)

1. Employers shall retain the two (2) most recent compliance audit reports.
  雇主應至少保留最近的兩份符合性稽核報告。

1910.119(p)

Trade secrets. 商業機密

1910.119(p)(1)

1. Employers shall make all information necessary to comply with the section available to those persons responsible for compiling the process safety information (required by paragraph (d) of this section), those assisting in the development of the process hazard analysis (required by paragraph (e) of this section), those responsible for developing the operating procedures (required by paragraph (f) of this section), and those involved in incident investigations (required by paragraph (m) of this section), emergency planning and response (paragraph (n) of this section) and compliance audits (paragraph (o) of this section) without regard to possible trade secret status of such information.
  雇主應使下列人員能取得所需資訊：蒐集PSI者、協助制訂PHA者、制訂操作程序者、調查意外事件、制訂緊急應變計畫者與符合性稽核人員，不論此類資訊是否涉及商業機密。

1910.119(p)(2) 。

1. Nothing in this paragraph shall preclude阻止the employer from requiring the persons to whom the information is made available under paragraph (p)(1) of this section to enter into confidentiality agreements not to disclose the information as set forth in 29 CFR 1910.1200.
  雇主得要求依前(p)(1)段取得資訊之勞工簽保密協議書。

1910.119(p)(3)

Subject to the rules and procedures set forth in 29 CFR 1910.1200(i)(1) through 1910.1200(i)(12), employees and their designated representatives shall have access to trade secret information contained within the process hazard analysis and other documents required to be developed by this standard.
勞工及勞工代表依據29 CFR 1910.1200(i)(1) through 1910.1200(i)(12),所列舉的規定與程序，可取得為了要制訂PHA及制訂本標準要求的文件所需的商業機密，